The Theory Of The Tracking Theory - 1430 Words

I will now prove that the current formulation of the tracking theory fails to track knowledge in all cases. I will do this by way of a counterexample which Nozick himself raises. Imagine a case in which a grandmother knows that her grandson is well by seeing him. Furthermore, even if the grandson was not well, other family members would still tell the grandmother that he was well to spare her from emotional distress. This clearly violates condition (3) of the tracking theory because in close possible worlds where the grandson is not well, she wouldn t believe that he is not well. Rather, she would believe that he is well due to the testimony of family members. Nonetheless, the original proposition, â€Å"that grandmother knows that her†¦show more content†¦While implementing restrictions of the belief forming method allows the theory to overcome cases like the one above, it does not allow the theory to successfully track knowledge in all cases. To show that this is the cas e, I will present several counterexamples to the revised theory. Tristan Haze formulated two new counterexamples to Nozick’s theory in 2015, I will begin by presenting one of these new counterexamples. Suppose that I have a counterfactually robust delusional belief that my neighbor is some sort of divine oracle. In actuality, my neighbor is just a reliable and truthful tax lawyer. Now suppose that my neighbor wishes to tell me some point about tax law, P. At some point, my neighbor tells me P and I believe him because I believe he is a divine oracle. Had I believed that he was a lawyer, I would not have believed P because of my inherent distrust of lawyers. Intuitively, it seems as though I do not know P because my belief rests on a delusion. Nonetheless, Nozick’s theory posits that I do know P as it meets all the conditions. Conditions (1) and (2) are naturally met as it is true and I believe it. Condition (3) seems to hold because if P were not true, my truthful and reliable neighbor would not have told me P, thus I wouldn t believe it. Lastly, condition (4) holds; if it were true, I would believe P because my neighbor would have told meShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives On Education Theory And Practice Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND THEIR APPLICABILITY IN EDUCATION THEORY AND PRACTICE Presented by: NDUNG’U M. JOSEPH 2016/ED/33284 To MRS. R. GITONGA APRIL 2016 1.1 Overview The word theory merely refers to a particular kind of explanation. Leedy and Ormrod (2005) point out: â€Å"A theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular phenomenon†. Thus, theories explain â€Å"How† and â€Å"Why† something operates as it does (Johnson Christensen, 2007). As statedRead MoreModule 5 Critical Thinking : Change Implementation Plan1551 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a plan for change implementation involving implementation of a new method of tracking sales. Analysis of the change model best suited for this type of change and recommendations for handling change resistance will be addressed. As we proceed, we will imagine that a companies sales tracking system is out of date and the organization is moving towards updating and integrating a new computer operating sales tracking system. The new system will allow for many more opportunities to capture data thatRead MoreEssay on Path-Goal Leadership Theory873 Words   |  4 PagesPath-goal theory deals with the leaders style to motivate followers, to accomplish set goals (Northouse, 2010). The path-goal theory is simply the implication that a leader works with an individual to establish a goal. The leader does this by individual motivation to achieve the proposed goal, while working through obstacles that may hinder achieving that goal (Whitener, 2007). The basic assumption of path-goal theory is that the following motivates subordinates: the capability to perform the workRead More Tectonic Plates and its Effects on the Physical Face of the Earth1476 Words   |  6 Pagesand they continue to do so today. These massive p lates move underneath the surfaces of the oceans and the continents, producing earthquakes, volcanoes and uplifts. This paper will discuss the composition, movement and history of tectonic plates, the theory of plate tectonics and its history, and tectonic plates affect the surface of the earth today and will continue to do so in the future. The earth is divided into three main layers: the core, the mantle and the crust. The core is further dividedRead MoreThis Field Observation Was An Eye Opening Experience1750 Words   |  7 Pageswill destroy the deficit and expectation theories. The classroom that I observed was a class constructed for students with Individual Education Plans (IEP) promoting inclusion. Being considered special needs harbors a cultural difference of its own. Attaching the stigmas of living in an impoverished neighborhoods further complicates the situation. The students in this class are branded with the ideas of the deficit and expectation theories. The deficit theory argues that students do poorly in schoolsRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Traditional Understanding Of Relationships And Personal Information1557 Words   |  7 Pageshas access. For example, fitness tracking devices are an issue in today’s society that causes tensions between privacy and public safety. This wearable elec tronic device is claimed to monitor one’s physical fitness and daily fitness activity. However, the controversial issue is to whether or not fitness tracking devices collects people’s location, gender, age, and name and sell users data to other companies. Users store their personal information on these tracking devices only to keep track of theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Andrew Sarris s Odyssey 972 Words   |  4 PagesAuteur Theory to be the notion that â€Å"the way a film looks and moves should have some relationship to the way a director thinks and feels,† and that â€Å"good directors express style and theme across their body of work,† (Stam 89; Sampson, Lecture 8.2). Although director Jonathan Glazer has a diverse body of work, his personal themes and style are able to shine through across all visual mediums, thus proving him to be a good director, according to Andrew Sarris’s interpretation of the Auteur Theory. In hisRead MoreSample Resume : S oftware Engineering1741 Words   |  7 PagesDefect is something that does not comply with the functional requirement of the system. Finding fixing defects in the software system is to be given paramount importance it helps in improving quality of the software under test. IMPORTANCE OF TRACKING DEFECTS When defects are tracked and maintained, it is possible to have a repository that can help all stakeholders of the application to have monitoring on the software quality improvement. Defects contain plethora of associated information suchRead MoreProblem Formulation Research887 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PROBLEM FORMULATION RESEARCH AND THEORY ANALYSIS Problem Formulation Research and Theory Analysis Reggie Autrey University of Phoenix Research Methods in Criminal Justice CJA 433 Theodore J. Smith III , ESQ. July 26, 2009 Problem Formulation Research and Theory Analysis This paper will cover GPS Monitoring in Pinellas County for sex offenders. During the summer of 2006 election was heating up in reference to sex offenders and monitoring GPS devices. Proposition 83,Read MoreInternalism Theory of Knowledge1183 Words   |  5 PagesInternalism is one of the epistemic theories of knowledge and is explained as the effects that cause beliefs to be justified or unjustified. They are called J- factors and they must in some way, be internal to the subject. The best way to internalize J-Factors is to limit them to beliefs. The constraint internalists place on J-Factors is more plausibly constructed in terms of intellectual convenience. What meets the requirements as a J-factor must be something that is cognitively easily reached to

The Between China And Taiwan - 2084 Words

â€Å"The campaign of the occupation lays the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the CSSTA under the sun stark naked; unfortunately, the pact is already passed. The forced adoption by the KMT highlights the Ma government’s arbitrary abuse of the power and infringement of the human right, leading to the constitutional crisis of the retrogression in democracy. It meanwhile stimulates civilians to ponder the rebirth of democracy.† (Ã¥  â€¦Ã¦Å' Ã¯ ¼Å'ç› ´Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ³ ¶Ã¥ ¶ ¼Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥â€¦â€°, see footnote , translation mine). The interaction of the trade activities between Mainland China and Taiwan always â€Å"successfully† draws attention from the global, but this time the fuel is directly presented in the manifesto of the Sunflower Movement--Ã¥  â€¦Ã¦Å' Ã¯ ¼Å'ç› ´Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ³ ¶Ã¥ ¶ ¼Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥â€¦â€°. People are mainly protesting the CSSTA [Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, CSSTA] against the untransparent processes. This agreement, passed without the r egular procedure, underlines the dark side of the Ma government and how it simultaneously summons up civilians to deeply think about what is now striking the democracy in Taiwan. In addition to the domestic problems originating from the CSSTA, the other vital issue our nation is encountering now is that Taiwan is standing at a lower position in this financial game. â€Å"The scales and structures of business are totally different between Taiwan and China. If we just accept the trade without detailed consideration, China is likely [taking] control over Taiwan by means of financial interactions, and it will lead to what Hong KongShow MoreRelatedThe Trade Activities Between Mainland China And Taiwan2083 Words   |  9 PagesSunflower Movement in Taiwan The interaction of the trade activities between Mainland China and Taiwan always â€Å"successfully† draws attention from the global, but this time the fuel is directly presented in the manifesto of the Sunflower Movement--Ã¥  â€¦Ã¦Å' Ã¯ ¼Å'ç› ´Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ³ ¶Ã¥ ¶ ¼Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥â€¦â€°. â€Å"The campaign of the occupation lays the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the CSSTA under the sun stark naked; unfortunately, the pact is already passed. The forced adoption by the KMT highlights the Ma government’s arbitrary abuseRead MoreRelationhship between China and Taiwan in Emma Tungs Book, Taiwan’s Imagined Geography1497 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between China and Taiwan beginning in 1683 and ending in 1895. In this work she presents and defends the crucial role of travel writing in the Qing Empire moving past seeing Taiwan as a â€Å"ball of mud† without worth to incorporating the island into the Chinese empire. The majority of the book is a su mmarization of the history of Taiwan after it was conquered by China, as well as the way in which travel writing was used in developing the Chinese’ early beliefs about Taiwan. Despite havingRead MoreThe Taiwanese Culture and Identity - Current Relationship with the Chinese1737 Words   |  7 Pages Taiwan has struggled to find its identity in the world ever since 1971 when Taiwan (The Republic of China) was replaced by the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations. 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The U.S. would not like to give up its concerns and interest in Taiwan, theRead MoreThe Relations Between China And China1162 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 1990s during Bill Clintons presidency there was heavy tension between the state of China and their disputed territory of Taiwan (Russell 1). The dispute came about because China felt the island should be a part of China and not separate. However, Taiwan was looking for independence (Russell 4). It an attempt to get people on the side of Taiwanese independence their president, Lee Teng-hui fought to get a visa and eventually came to the United States for a gathering at Cornell University, whereRead MoreChina Between The Republic Of China1661 Words   |  7 PagesAfter The Chinese Civil War ended in 1950, a separation of ‘‘old’’ China between the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as â€Å"Taiwan†) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as â€Å"China†) created lega l and political dilemmas (Hsieh, 2016). They both declare the island of Taiwan is an integral part of their territories. Until the 1990s, Taiwan was able to conquer her diplomatic isolation by expanding the international trade and investment flows to all of her business partners regardlessRead MoreThe Causes and Future of Taiwan and Hong Kongs FDI in Mainland China844 Words   |  4 PagesFrom 1979-2000, China pursued a policy this promoted FDI related to export promotion, which contributed to Taiwan and Hong Kong investment, because it helped it helped protect China’s local businesses. Market driven FDI, which is primarily what the US, EU and Japan are interested in investing, was limited in China because it would potentially hurt Chinese firms due to intense competition from western firms (Naughton, 403). The â€Å"western† firms were less interested in investing in China for export purposesRead MoreThe China-Taiwan Relations in Terms of The One China Policy961 Wo rds   |  4 PagesIntroduction This term paper focuses on China-Taiwan relations in terms of One China policy and the Taiwan question. The paper will provide an overview of the historical background of Beijing-Taipei relations and its ties with the United States. From an international relations perspective, the Taiwan Strait, one of the most likely conflict zones in the Asia-Pacific region, has been dubbed the â€Å"Balkan Peninsula of the East.† The status of Taiwan has been one of the most intricate issues in internationalRead MoreChina Missile Of The South China Sea937 Words   |  4 PagesChina deploying missiles in the South China Sea Since September 2015, China has begun to increase the arming of the islands in the South China Sea on the islands that China claims belongs to them. The claiming of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands by China are creating panic for its neighbors, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Because, China is ignoring the claims the nations have on the Islands in the South China Sea. Most recently, China has made a political decision toRead MoreU.S. Foreign Policy Toward Taiwan Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with and is currently dealing with today is Taiwan. Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China, faces several elements implicated by the U.S. foreign policy. The first element of American foreign policy is that the United States only recognizes one China. Whether it’s the China to the left of the Strait or the Taiwan to the right, it is up to both sides. The second element of American foreign policy is that Washington encourages dialogue between the tw o sides but will not apply pressure to either

Curriculum Guides for Academic Interventions Free Essays

Running head: CURRICULUM Curriculum Guides for Academic Interventions Meghan Powell Grand Canyon University SPE 558 March 27, 2013 Strategies used: Student Engagement Peer-Assisted Learning (Center for Innovations in Education, 2006) Educational Purpose: Student Engagement: To keep the student actively engaged will keep them away from having time to behave inappropriately (CISE, 2006). . It will also keep them from wanting to veer away from the educational activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Curriculum Guides for Academic Interventions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key word here is actively. The goal or objective here is to engage the student actively, meaning we aren’t just keeping him/her busy, we are talking to them, asking questions, getting them to participate in the educational activity, as well as getting them to want to participate in the activity. Keeping the student with EBD actively engaged throughout an entire activity can be done. It’s not easy, but can be done. Peer-Assisted Learning: With peer-assisted Learning, the student with EBD proves to be showing high levels of engagement. The goal or objective here is to use peer-assisted learning strategies (PALS) to put together a reader and a coach to practice skills needed to complete the tasks. In many cases, positive effects were shown when using PALS but in some cases, the results were mixed (CISE, 2006). Mixed results were found when PALS was used with reading and students with EBD demonstrated that there were only moderate gains in reading achievement, slight improvements for some in time spent attending, and no improvement in inappropriate behavior during instruction CISE, 2006). Task Analysis: Survival sign matching with flashcards: The students will come into class and see their orange folders out on the main tables. They know their orange folders have their indoor, outdoor, and workplace survival signs in them. We will start with the outdoor signs. The game we usually play is where the students first lay out all of their cards on the table; keeping them separate from other student’s cards. The next thing we do is the teacher holds up one card at a time. The students have to say which sign it is and then find the corresponding sign in their pile of flashcards. Whoever is the first one to find the card gets to put a tally mark up by their name on the board. Whoever has the most tally marks gets to pick out of the treasure box after the game is over. We will do this with the indoor and workplace signs too. The tally marks start over with each change in signs; indoor-outdoor-workplace. This task is great because you get the students interacting with their movements, their words, and it keeps them from thinking about inappropriate behaviors. This is also great for when a student can’t find the sign, another student helps them locate it. Sign language with flashcards: We will do this with all of the students sitting around the large table. The teacher has a big pile of laminated pictures with a picture of someone signing the picture. The teacher will hold one up at a time while the students sign what it is. Some students are taking a little bit longer to learn them than other students are so there is a lot of peer-assistance going on in this activity. The teacher will go through the whole pile and keep the ones where most students showed difficulty, to the side so those will be the focus for next time. This engaging activity again, gets the students moving, and checking with each other to make sure they are doing the right sign. The kinesthetic learning keeps students with EBD too occupied to think about inappropriate behavior. With the teacher responding correctly to the students actions is key (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, Shriner pg. 325, 2009). Possible Interventions: We try to stay away from a reactive management style but sometimes things don’t go as planned. Rules need to be set right away in order for students to follow them and stay actively engaged. If there are ground rules set in place in the beginning and students are held to high expectations of following those rules, there should be no problem. But sometimes, there still is. If you have to change or stop the behavior after it has already started, make sure you and the other students stay safe. Get the other students out of the room or in nother area where they cannot be harmed if this is the case. Talk calmly with the student who is acting inappropriately and ask them what they are feeling and how we can make it better. Once the student has calmed down and the environment is safe again, the other students may come back in. Giving them space and time to cool down is a great idea. Student Assessment Procedures: To assess the students with the two flashcard t asks, keep a little notepad with you and mark down who seems to be getting all of the survival signs and sign language movements and which ones are struggling with what. This would be a great thing for a paraprofessional to do. Data collection is key information on what to teach the students next and who can move on or not. For the students who are having a harder time, with the survival signs especially, they may need to have a little bit of one on one time either with the teacher or with a paraprofessional to get a more focused work session in. sometimes the struggling student does better in a one on one setting and sometimes students prosper in a group setting. Without trying both, we will never know how they like to learn. References Center for Innovations in Education (CISE) (2006). Teaching Reading to Students with Emotional Behavioral Disorders. Students with Reading and Behavioral Needs. Retrieved on March 26, 2013 from http://www. studentprogress. org/doc/ReadingandEmotionalBehavioralDisorders. pdf Yell, Mitchell L. , Meadows, Nancy B. , Drasgow, Erik, Shriner, James G. (2009). Evidenced-Based Practices for Educating Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Chapters 14 16. Pearson Education, Inc. How to cite Curriculum Guides for Academic Interventions, Papers

Arabs at War Military Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Arabs at War for Military Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction The UN was founded in 1945 immediately after the end of the Second World War to substitute the League of Nations, which had been established in 1919 to prevent occurrence of future world conflicts after the end of the world war I of 1914-1918. This was because of the failures of the League of Nations that the UN was formed. The UN was established with the sole aim of maintaining world peace and stability through respecting the human rights of all races in the world. According to the UN Charter of 1945, their aim is to save the coming generations from the problems caused by war. The UN has several structures that help in the executing of its roles. The organization has the following branches; The Secretariat, The International Court of Justice (ICJ), The Security Council, The Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council and The General Assembly. All these branches work mutually to ensure the main objective of maintaining international peace and security is achieved. However, it is imperative to note that the UN has come under intense criticism since its inception in the course of maintaining international peace especially in regions that have been marred with wars. Some continents, for instance Africa, have perceived the UN as being biased in executing its roles. There is a belief that the UN works for powerful members with veto power in the Security Council such as the USA, Britain, France, Russia and China. As a result, this has been a major obstacle in trying to maintain stability in war prone areas like the Middle-East, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict. There are many instances where UN has been accused of being the perpetrator of the war instead of being the mediator. For example one of its roles that has been controversial up to date was the creation of a new state, Israel, by partitioning Palestine, which up to now created tensions between Israel and Palestine in what is known the Arab-Israeli conflict. Therefore, this paper aims to study the summary of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the role of UN in the Arab-Israeli conflict, how effective the UN has been in trying to find peace between Israel and Palestine and eventually give the conclusion on the same matter. Summary of the Arab-Israeli conflict The conflict between Arab and Israel means that the political tensions involving military differences and disputes between a number of Arab states and Israel. The Arab-Israeli conflict can be traced way back in the late 19th century when the Zionist movement was established in response to the persecution of the European Jews and the desire to join the then modern Europe. The Jewish persecution led to their immigration into Palestine, which by then was part of the Ottoman Empire. By the time the First World War ended in 1918, Britain took over the state of Palestine and established their rule there. The region came to be known as British-mandate Palestine, meaning that the British ruled over the Jews and the Arabs who were living in this region up to 1948. During the period of their rule the British gave the eastern part of the British-Mandate Palestine along the River Jordan to Emir Abdullah the then king of Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (the present Jordan). This created resentment among the Arab population who perceived Abdulla as a darling of the British, thus war broke out between the Arabs and the Jews leading to death of many Jews and Arabs. The Jews described the violence as a riot while the Palestinians described it as a revolt (Pollack et al., 2012). Due to the series of war between the Arabs and the Jews, the Peel Commission was formed in 1936 which came with a proposal that Palestine be split into smaller Jewish units and the remaining part be subjected under the Transjordan Kingdom under Emir Abdulla. Many Arabs objected this proposal except Abdulla who had been branded pro-Britain, while the Jews reluctantly agreed. Eventually, the Peel Commission was never implemented. In 1947, after the establishment of the United Nations (UN) and the expiry of the British-Mandate Palestine, the UN General Assembly met and came up with the recommendation of splitting Palestine into two regions, one Jewish state and one Arab state. On May 1948 The Jewish People Council supported the proclamation which called for the formation of a Jewish State in Eretz Israel, to be known as Israel. The declaration was made by David Ben Gurion, the executive Head of the world of Zionist Organization (Lesch, et. al., and Development of the Arab-Israel conflict). On other hand, the Arabs were against this decision thus they revolt against the plan leading to fighting between the Jews and the Arabs; many lost their lives. The Palestinians perceived the partition plan as unrepresentative of the demographic distribution of the Arabs and the Jews living in Palestine at the time (Weinberger Peter, 2011). During the period of the war, the Jews took control of many parts that were granted to them by the League of Nations. During this time, the first refugees of Palestine came up. Many flee their homes because of fear over what the Israelis could do to them. After the declaration of a new state of Israel, all neighbor states, including Egypt, attacked Israel unfortunately, the determined Israeli militia repulsed all of them. In 1949 a cease-fire Agreement was signed between Israel and the Arab states. The agreement lasted for 18 years albeit episodes of violent attacks were occasionally witnessed by the conflicting blocks. In 1967, the war between Israel and the rest of the Arab nations came into force. Egypt and Jordan amassed their troops along the Israeli border. Israel responded by capturing the old city of Jerusalem and the entire west Bank; she went ahead to capture Golan Heights of Syria. Egypt and Syria attacked the overconfident Israel that led to massive losses on the Israeli but eventually she was able to defeat both the Syrian and Egyptian armies (Pilkington Harry, 2002). Because of the ensued war, the UN Security Council came up with Resolution 242, which called for the liberation of all territories that had been captured by the Israeli armed forces. Israel was supposed to acknowledge and honor the territorial integrity, political independence of all conquered states, so that peace and harmony could be achieved (Fagan Geraldine 2012). The intervention of UN led to negotiations of interim peace accords. For instance, the Syrian Accord was signed; the Egyptian Accord was also signed after the Egyptian president Sadat visited Jerusalem, this led to a lasting peace between Egypt and Israel. In 1993, the Palestinian Liberation Organization reached an agreement with Israel over peace deal. This agreement came to be known as the Oslo Accords. The Oslo deal led to majority of the Gaza Strip and the major Arab cities in the West Bank to come under the Palestinian control. The peace deal was signed between the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. The significance factor about the Oslo deal was that it ended the existential conflict between Israel and Palestine. Both affirmed the existence of each other (San Francisco, 2009). The Oslo deal later came to prove elusive as it did not end the fighting between Palestinians and the Israelis. After assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Rabin, many Israelis were convinced that the peace deal was not forthcoming, thus they voted in the then opposition leader to take up the premiership, Binyamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu signed the peace deal with the Palestinians in 1998 under the auspices of USA but still it bore no fruits. When Prime Minister Barak took over from Netanyahu, he attempted to reach a peace deal with Yasser Arafat unfortunately they reached a deadlock when the Palestinian leader requested for the Right of Return of Palestinian refugees to their pre 1948 homes, something that Israel totally objected (Barfoot, 2010). After the collapse of the peace deal, the then Israel opposition leader Aerial Sharon visited the Temple Mount. The visit provoked the Palestinians to attack Israel. The violence came to be known as the Second Intifada, it included suicide bombings on Israeli buses, hotels and other public places. The Temple Mount to the Palestinian Muslims was known as Haram al-Sharif, meaning a Noble Sanctuary that no Jew was supposed to step on (Pollack, et al., 2012). When Ariel Sharon took over from Barak he promised to end the stalemate with the Palestinians. He started by building a security fence between Israel and the West Bank and engaging in a unilateral withdrawal from Gaza (Rubin, Melanie Hiroyuki, 2013). In the process war broke out at Gaza between Israeli forces and the Hamas of Palestine, this led to damages and injuries inflicted on the civilians. Fortunately, Aerial Sharon was able to limit the effectiveness of the Hamas missiles by deploying a missile defense called the Iron Dome in 2012. The Jews had the belief that Israel was destined to be their promised land as stated in the Bible. It was the land promised to the descendants of Abraham and his only son Isaac; any other force that would come in between them and the Promised Land would not be condoned. On other hand, the Muslims, according to the Quran, believed that Israel was their promised land. It was the land that had been promised to the elder son of Abraham Ishmael, from whom Arabs claim descent (Masters, Harold, Wallace Lauri, 2011). The rise of Zionism among the Jews and the reactionary Arab Nationalism, also known as the Pan- Arab Movement, contributed greatly to this conflict. These movements were ever competing with each other hence creating tensions in the region. The role of UN in Arab-Israeli conflict The role of UN in the Arab-Israeli conflict started specifically after the Second World War in 1945 when Britain extricated herself from the Palestine region. After Britain had failed to implement the policies that would appease both the Jews and the Arabs in the then British-Mandated Palestine, she decided to hand over the administration of the controversial Palestine to the UN. In response the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution to establish the UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) to investigate and make recommendations on the Israel-Palestine conflict. However, no Arab country was included in the UNSCOP even though Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon were already members of the UN by then. The majority UNSCOP recommendation was that Palestine be partitioned into two, each comprising the Arab state and the Jewish state. India and Yugoslavia who were members of the UNSCOP did not accept the idea of partitioning Palestine but instead proposed granting of self-determination to Palestine. The UN rejected self-determination to Palestine arguing that it was not applicable to Palestine (Singleton Amy, 2013). The decision to deny a self-rule to Palestine Arabs by the UN was going against one of the principles of the UN Charter of 1945, which was categorically against oppression of the minorities and denial of the minority political rights. Additionally, passing a proposal that the Arab states surrender part of their land for the settlement of the Jewish community was a problem of the UN own making. Most of the Jews were refugees who had escaped the Nazi aggression in Germany under Hitler (Esty et al., 2011). Under the proposal, the Arabs would occupy 45 percent of the land com pared to the Jews 55 percent (Weinberger Peter, 2004). It is against the background of this unfair treatment by the UN on the Palestine Arab that led to the prolonged conflict between Israel and other Arab nations, specifically Palestine. This was again aggravated by the religious differences of the Arabs and the Jews. Moreover, during the intense period of the war the UN conspicuously took a back seat instead of solving the conflict. Effectiveness of the UN in peacekeeping in the Arab-Israeli conflict The big question that one is left asking is, has the UN been effective in finding a long lasting solution to the Arab-Israel conflict? It is a question that can be answered by looking at the role of the UN in the whole process of the Arab-Israeli conflict (Clay, Cynthia, and Ray, 2010). One important factor to note is that some members of the UN Security Council were propagating their own interests and ambitions in the Arab-Israeli conflict, especially during the period of cold war. For instance, USA, a member with veto powers, sometimes made decision that were personal and not binding to the UN (Chevalier Roger 2011). In 1964, the USA supplied Israel with new advanced planes and missiles that were used to attack the other Arabic states. Such decisions compromised the ability of the UN in dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict. There was little involvement of UN as an institution in political decision-making. The process was largely dominated by the Security Permanent Members US, France, Britain, Soviet Union and China (Pollack et al., 2012). After the 1967 Arab-Israeli conflict, the UN voted over several times for international peace to reign in the Arab world, unfortunately USA was always against any resolution that revolved around granting independence to Palestine (Bolton, Robert and Dorothy, 2013). It was therefore noted by the UN that the major obstacles to achieving peace in the Israeli-Palestine conflict, were the USA and the Soviet Union. For instance, in 1974 when the UN General Assembly voted for the Palestines right to elf determination under the Palestinians Liberation Organization (PLO), the USA together with Israel, Bolivia and Dominican Republic voted against the proposal (Rzhevsky Nicholas, 2005). The Israel-Palestine diplomacy was at the discretion of the USA. The UN was only left with the role of giving verbal condemnations when and where they felt suitable. The USA always worked against the principles of the UN by organizing bilateral talks between the conflicting states, instead of having such talks under the auspices of the UN. In 1994 the Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright claimed that the US goal was to make the efforts of the UN look irrelevant (Weinberger Peter, 2004) Conclusion The UN is an important international organization with well outlined objective of maintaining world peace and security. Despite the numerous criticisms directed towards the organization, the institution has succeeded in some areas especially in preventing future world war. On the contrary, the organization failed and has failed in solving the Arab-Israeli conflict. The reason for this failure can be attributed to the vested interests in the region by some of the permanent members of the Security Council, especially the USA (Carroll and Michael, 2012). It must not go unnoted that this conflict was also a making of the UN itself by failing to recognize Palestine as an independent state, a decision that was against the principles of the UN Charter. Secondly, by settling the Jews on a foreign land without considering the future repercussions, was a diplomatic blunder by the UN. References Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi (2010).Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Pollack, Kenneth, M. (2012). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, University of Nebraska Press, pp 93-94, 96. San Francisco Chronicle (2009). A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians and the Disengagements. Weinberger, Peter E. (2011). Incorporating Religion into Israeli-Palestine Peacemaking: Recommendations for Policymakers. Fagan, Geraldine M. (2012). Believing in Palestine- Religious Policy After Communism. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Pilkington, Harry K. (2002). Looking West?: Cultural Globalization and Palestine Youth Cultures. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. Rzhevsky, Nicholas P. (2005). An Anthology of Israel Literature from Earliest Writings to Modern Fiction: Introduction to a Culture. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Print. Singleton, Amy C. (2013). No Place Like Home: The Literary Artist and Israel Search for Cultural Identity. Albany, NY: State. Barfoot, C. (2010). Beyond Pug's Tour: National and Ethnic Stereotyping in Theory and Literary Practice. Amsterdam: Rodopi, Print. Bolton, Robert, and Dorothy .G (2013). Arab conflicts: Making Bad Relationships Good and Good Relationships Better. New York. Carroll, Michael. (2012). Handbook of Politics in UAE: [...]. London [u.a.: SAGE. Print. Chevalier, Roger. (2011). A Guide to Politics: New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Print. Clay, Cynthia, and Ray Olitt. (2010). Transforming Political Agenda in UAE. Print. Esty, Katharine C, Richard Griffin, and Marcie (2011). Politics of USA and Middle East. New York. Print. Masters, Harold, Wallace, and Lauri. (2011). Arab-Israel Conflict. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Print. Rubin, Melanie, and Hiroyuki. (2013). Ways of Avoiding Conflicts: Portland. Oxford Press. Internet resource.

Environmental and Ecological Concerns in Sri Lankan Essay Example

Environmental and Ecological Concerns in Sri Lankan Paper The capitalistic or industrial character as well as the complex, highly administrated technological system of modern society is the cause for this depressing state of affairs. This is more evident in the pieces written by Sir Lankan Tamil writers available in translation. Stories appeared in Lute Song and Lament, A Lankan Mosaic, Tamil short stories from Sir Lankan are taken for analysis. This paper attempts to highlight the writers concern about the safety of the environment and the ecological balance of natural resources. Introduction Modern society with its facilities accessed through the inventions and coverings of science and technology faces a dangerous situation because of environmental pollution. The ecological balance is also lost due to environmental pollution. The industrialization of Society introduced to the world in the 18th century and the subsequent introduction of motorized vehicles in the 19th century, and the arrival of computers with the new concept of Information Technology in the 20th century have upgraded not only the life style of the human population but increased the rate of explosion of the human population substantially. The state of affairs has also caused an exponential growth in the production of goods and services which in a way opened a space for a tremendous amount of waste/ e-waste as by-products. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes into waterways, the spewing of thousands of tons of particulates and airborne gases into the atmosphere, the throwaway attitude toward solid wastes, and the use of newly developed chemicals without considering potential consequences have resulted in major environmental disasters. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental and Ecological Concerns in Sri Lankan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental and Ecological Concerns in Sri Lankan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental and Ecological Concerns in Sri Lankan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chemical, physical, or biological waste material dumped into water resources causes eater pollution that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it. Humans have become the culprits for land pollution by degrading the Earths land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. The use of pesticides has also caused considerable pollution. Basically, they are organic and inorganic chemicals invented for creating better human environment by controlling undesirable life forms such as bacteria, pests, and foraging insects. Unfortunately, it turned out to be causing dangerous side-effects. Air pollution caused by the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances endangers human health and affects other living species and raw materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, emission of gases due to transportation. Last but not the least is noise pollution, a relatively recent origin which is a composite of sounds generated by human activities ranging from bomb blasts and canon fire to the roar of supersonic rainspout jets. There is an urgent need for institutional reform to safeguard the environmental resources and to maintain the ecological balance. All the social reformers, writers and artistes have a duty towards creating awareness among the public to safeguard the environment and many have indicated their concern for the safety of the earth from pollution and maintenance of ecological balance through their pieces. Environmental sociologists have different views as to which institutional traits can be held primarily responsible for the environmental crisis. The capitalistic or industrial hereafter as well as the complex, highly administrated technological system of modern society is the cause for this depressing state of affairs. Many Marxist critics blame the social system which is based on the capitalist structure for the negative and destructive attitude of the people who do not have any concern for the safety of the Globe and its environment and the resources. By ecology, it is meant the whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the broad sense, all the conditions of existence (Ernst Hackle 1866). Human existence challenged by Environmental factors This paper tries to look into four short stories namely Gone with the soil by Dimidiate Arafat, Despondency by AY Somewhat, Koalas by Uranium, and Watering Time by Sensei Lillian originally written in Tamil by Tamil and Muslim writers and translated into English by S. Asseverates, S. Pathnames and A. J. Generate. They appeared in collections titled Ululates and Lament edited by Chelsea Gymkhanas (2001), A Lankan Mosaic edited by Ashley Halve, M. A. Inhuman and Iranian Boysenberry, (2003) and Tamil short stories from Sir Lankan (forthcoming in 2013) translated and edited by S. Pathnames. The Anthologies are represented by many Tamil writers who belong to the second set of the third generation and the selection includes Muslim writers and expatriates along with other Sir Lankan Writers. Most of the stories deal with the effects of War- bereavement, loss of habitat, displacement and exile. Some deal with very common issues related to culture and life styles. Mostly all these stories were written during a period when the country was in turmoil after the ethnic riots (1983) and the subsequent civil war which lasted till May 2009 between the armed forces and he militants belonging to the various movements which fought for the Tamil Cause. In Sir Lankan, ethnic unity has been marred by many communal conflicts ever since Independence (1948). Subsequent political crisis such as the act of Pakistani and Indian disenfranchisement (1 949), the Signals Only Act (1958), the Republic Constitution (1972) and the Executive Presidency (1978) contributed to the divisions and misunderstanding among the communities living in the country. The peaceful atmosphere for living in harmony in Sir Lankan was disturbed by continuous riots and discriminatory rule of successive governments. Out of this crisis emerged the Tamil youth militancy which turned out to be a force to be reckoned with. They also caused a terrible negative impact on the ecological balance and purity of the environment. These situations are recorded in these stories. An analysis is made here on the four selected stories in detail for the purpose of this paper. Gone with the soil by Arafat The story Gone with the soil by Arafat is a poignant and accurate portrayal of the last days of a father who refuses to leave his home at the critical phase of the War. Because of the movements of the militants and the security forces he inhabitants of the area had to leave. The peaceful atmosphere of the village is gone. The symbolic effects of the Soothsay Hill which stands for the stable life of the people and the Tamarind tree in front of the shop owned by the narrators father providing shade, never bowing before wind or rain speak a lot about peoples freedom. The cultural symbols like the Banyan tree that was home to the god Bavaria loses its sanctity due to the presence of the armed forces. The soil famed for the toil of the people and their generosity loses its splendor and majesty because of the forces which have the least once for the peoples pride and dignity. When the armed struggle was at its peak, this very hill served as the meeting place as well as the abode of the militants, and camps sprouted at its top. p. 248 The father of the narrator of the story was hardworking and helpful. A professional businessman with many a skill is now a bedridden feeble old man who has lost his spirit and will. But the story ends with a positive note: the narrator who answers the question raised by the fa ther about the visibility of the Hill. The author himself symbolizes the dangerous forces which destroy the lives of the people as follows: The beautiful village became a captive of uncertainty. The people lost heart and abandoned the village and become alienated from it. White ants made a hive in the taproot Of the Tamarind tree. Alien war elephants lay all over the grazing grounds and prevented us from enjoying the waters of the rushing river. They encircled the people and suddenly crushed them to death. They yelled at us and demanded that we point a finger at any frog that croaked in its own voice. Our young women suffered death by rape in the grip of the elephants. P. 248. Despondency by AY Somewhat Though Despondency by AY Somewhat underlines the personal problem of n individual character it portrays the suffering and alienation of the plantation worker who is forced to move to the city because of the riots and other personal problems. A sense of prosperousness is felt by the main character and, at the same time he yearns for a sense of belonging. He says: Every village is my own and my heart whispered, Metal is my own town. (p. 252). The man was born in Metal but he is an estate workers son whose forefathers were brought from India. He had lived there with his parents till he was 1 7 years old. Then he proceeded to Colombo for higher education. It s almost a case of upward social mobility. Later he makes visits to his mother on certain occasions and during the 1 958 and 1 983 riots. But he makes a visit now to see the land which he is able to get on lease because of the Scrims- Astrid Pact. He shows a feeling of nostalgia while he makes a visit to his town by motorbike. Though he was born in that town it is not his own. He has expressed much feeling for the rubber and cocoa trees, hills and valleys, the tributary, the Kali temple, the dispensary and many other things and places which are very familiar to him. He tries to establish a relation with these laces and objects in order to claim some rights. Even the people who were living with him during his childhood shower upon him a lot of affection. In a way, he is able to sustain the human relationships which he missed during the last several years. Having led an alienated life in the city he shows an interest in village life. However, he cant continue further. There is a conflict between his present state of life and his liking for the life of the past. The loss of peoples basic human feelings in a fast moving mechanical world is the main point discussed in this story. Koalas by Uranium Koalas by Uranium is a story written in the late eighties when the war between the militants and the Sir Lankan forces was at its height based on the character Koalas, mother of the epic hero Ram who went to the forest and had to fight the Rashes King of Lankan Raven. Koalas is worried over Rams departure from the Palace, their home and the writer tries to extend the name of the character that he depicts to have the same effect on the portrayal. The plot of the story centers around the young boy who joined the militants for political reasons. He has no concern for the damage caused o the environment by his attacks but the writer has the concern for the environmental safety as he goes on depicting the plight of the mother who has to struggle for her living and to see her sons prosper in their lives. The story has the following to record in relation to damages caused by the explosions of mines to the environment. The village womenfolk told Mama that the boys were using the fields, the Palmyra groves and the uplands-so familiar to Mama-for training in exploding bombs. Could Sealant be one of them, she thought greatly alarmed. But not even a dog had told Mama that Sealant had been seen. In which village was Sealant getting trained in setting off explosions? She did not know much about other villages. Mamas world was the small hut that served as her home, the Manure temple, the dusty lanes, the Palmyra groves, the uplands, the cows and the fowls. Her children were her priceless treasure. (p. 100). Watering Time by Sensei Lillian A herd of deer comprises as the main characters in the short story, Watering Time written by Seen kaki Lillian. The herd of deer lives and moves around the jungle looking for water and is terrified by the violent activities of the humans tit their bombs and shells terrifying the animals around. With a single plot of the animals suffering the writer exposes the atrocities of the humans in the name of fighting for their own rights without having any concern for the rights of the poor animals. Thus the ecological balance is disturbed. The writer powerfully expresses the feelings with the following lines. The peace of the jungle was disturbed by the strange sound emanating softly some distance away. Gilligan, which was grazing the grass that had turned brown because of the continuing drought, lifted its head majestically. It pricked up its ears and turned in the direction from which the sound came. The space was surrounded on three sides by dense forest. On the fourth side was the breached bund of the tank.. Gilligan could see, through the breach, some wild buffaloes drinking water from the middle of the tank. You cant approach Checksum for water. The human beings wont spare us. The animal taking a sip will fall a prey to their hunger. They are heartless. Their crude guns and traps have taken a heavy toll Of wild life. . -? Yet another day passed. The animals camped but could not find a drop of water. Assailants herd could not endure the thirst. The sun was going to the west. The sound of exploding bombs rent the air. The bombers dropped bombs on the village and the jungle. The people wailed. Houses were razed to the ground. Human flesh was strewn on the streets. The survival instinct got the better of the villagers. They were leaving with whatever belongings they could lay hands on. Thus the destruction of the jungle and the wild life by the human beings disturbs the ecological balance of the world. The peaceful atmosphere is also broken. The environment too is polluted by the bombs and the gases they emit. The writer has ingeniously mould the characters and the plot in order to reveal the atrocities of humanity in general and the war-lovers in particular. Conclusion The old man in Gone with the soil, and the man in Despondency struggle in their respective spheres. The pieces become literary evidences in exposing human suffering through the issues discussed and the indirect impact due to the pollution of the environment and the loss of ecological balance. The ignorance of the people and their fear psychosis led them face more struggles in their efforts to find a peaceful life. Further, humans are trapped y life itself like the man in the story Despondency. All the characters seem to be captives of many social agents which have no social commitment. Their struggle for a better life is to be taken care of by the so-called forces in the future. The mother in Koalas suffers for the sons misconduct which is created by the social agents which move in the background. The animal character in Watering time too struggles due to the inhumane activities of the Humans. All these institutions have not got any dedication towards the society and the environment and is not worried over the loss of ecological balance.

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco In the Classical Antiquity era, Morocco experienced waves of invaders included Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but with the arrival of Islam, Morocco developed independent states that kept powerful invaders at bay. Berber Dynasties In 702 the Berbers submitted to the armies of Islam and adopted Islam. The first Moroccan states formed during these years, but many were still ruled by outsiders, some of whom were part of the Umayyad Caliphate that controlled most of northern Africa c. 700 CE. In 1056, a Berber empire arose however, under the Almoravid Dynasty, and for the next five hundred years Morocco was governed by Berber dynasties:  the Almoravids (from 1056), Almohads (from 1174), Marinid (from 1296), and Wattasid (from 1465). It was during the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties that Morocco controlled much of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. In 1238, the Almohad lost control of  the Muslim portion of Spain and Portugal, known then as al-Andalus. The Marinid dynasty attempted to regain it, but never succeeded. Revival of Moroccan Power In the mid-1500s, a powerful state again arose in Morocco, under the leadership of the Saadi dynasty that had taken over southern Morocco in the early 1500s. The Saadi defeated the Wattasid in 1554, and then succeeded in holding off incursions by both the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires. In 1603 a succession dispute led to a period of unrest that did not end until 1671 with the formation of the Awalite Dynasty, which still governs Morocco to this day. During the unrest, Portugal had again gained a foothold in Morocco but was again thrown out by the new leaders. European Colonization By the mid 1800s, at a time when the influence of the Ottoman Empire was in decline, France and Spain began taking a great interest in Morocco. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized Frances special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. Spain gained authority over Ifni (to the south) and Tà ©touan to the north. In the 1920s the Rif Berbers of Morocco, under the leadership of Muhammad Abd el-Krim, rebelled against French and Spanish authority. The short lived Rif republic was crushed by a joint French/Spanish task force in 1926. Independence In 1953 France deposed the nationalist leader and sultan Mohammed V ibn Yusuf, but both nationalist and religious groups called for his return.  France capitulated, and Mohammed V returned in 1955. On the second of March in 1956, French Morocco gained independence. Spanish Morocco, except for the two enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, gained independence in April of 1956. Mohammed V was succeeded by his son, Hasan II ibn Mohammed, upon his death in 1961. Morocco became a constitutional monarchy in 1977. When Hassan II died in 1999 he was succeeded by his thirty-five year old son, Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan. Dispute over Western Sahara When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco claimed sovereignty in the north. The Spanish portions to the south, known as Western Sahara, were supposed to become independent, but Morocco occupied the region in the Green March. Initially, Morocco divided the territory with Mauritania, but when Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco claimed the whole. The status of the territory is a deeply contentious issue, with many international bodies like the United Nations recognizing it as a non-self-governing territory called the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Revised and Expanded by Angela Thompsell Sources: Clancy-Smith, Julia Anne, North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. (2001). MINURSO Background, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. (Accessed 18 June 2015).

Communication letter of advise for a couple Research Paper

Communication letter of advise for a couple - Research Paper Example such as divorce that are mostly attributed to failure on the part of the couple to communicate openly, with an estimate of 60% divorce among married couple in the United State (Gulley & Almonte, 2009). Marriage is a special thing shared between two people that truly love each and are ready to spend the rest of their lives with the person. I write this letter, hoping that you are fully aware of what is awaiting both you. Marriage is meant to last forever and in order for that to happen, you need to commit to each other and dedicate fully as well as be ready to face challenges ahead. My aim of writing the letter is to give you some good advice about communication in your relationship. Â   Am a student, just finished an interpersonal communication course, that will be my referring point throughout this letter. It is my hope that you take the advice and use it every day in your relationship. Love is sweet and exciting but without effective communication, it is bound to fail (Miller, 2011). For the survival of any relationship, there exist several guides to help facilitate and in the same way, illustrate on what to do and what to avoid in certain situations. Good communication that e ncourages free and open communication is very important, as couples are able to share information with easy in a friendly manner, in return enabling partners to get along well (Gulley & Almonte, 2009). At any given time, the first rule of good communication in relationship is communication is a two-sided coin that requires both effective talking and excellent listening. According to Taibbi (2012), the author of lasting marriage demonstrates that great communication makes great marriage. Understanding your partner properly as well as yourself, help in daily interactions that build the relationship. Learn the principles of interpersonal communication because it is informative as it guides and offer skills to deal with problems in the relationship. During communication especially when

The Wine Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Wine Industry Analysis - Essay Example Gradually the industry started modernizing all its processes and using fermentation and refrigeration for producing better quality products. As of now European market comprises of the majority of wine consumers, with other regions gradually joining in. Therefore the industry is indeed an attractive one, but the growing rivalry amongst the competitors has resulted in reduced margins for the industry. In addition threat of substitutes like other soft beverages has always kept the wine industry on the lookout for upgrading their own standards and quality. Some of the major wine producers are Constellation Brands, Inc. E. & J. Gallo Winery, Janton, Pernod Ricard etc. On account of increasing competition some consolidation is also taking place in the industry, with mergers and acquisitions. But the kind of competition amongst the large number of producers can be gauged from the fact that none of the major producers can boast of a market share of 2%. Observing the wine production figures s ince 1994 and projecting an estimate for the next five years till 2005, Morgan Stanley figured out that there could a marked decrease in the production levels in some countries, particularly after 2000, but this is more because of the increasing competition, which again is a pointer towards the attraction of the industry. Wine brings cheers to the consumers and has survived many adverse circumstances. But today the industry has made itself resilient enough towards such circumstances and facing them boldly. Q-2: What is the basis for competitive advantage Ans: Wine industry has in fact inherited some of the competitive strength in the form of its association with prestige and sharing happiness. In general the competitive advantage of wine industry is based upon the following facts; Quality of wine is decided as per the climatic conditions, the land and the ambience, which gives it a unique identity. Its shelf life is much more as compared to other drinks and beverages. Wine is mostly used as a pleasure drink, with friends and colleagues. Therefore the consumption of wine in a group tends to become more. Wine companies generally have a portfolio of products reflecting a wide variety of choices demanded by consumers in various style and price ranges. There are low-cost high volume varieties, premium varieties and ultra premium varieties. The market is ever growing with the drink becoming quite fashionable amongst the youth. Wine if taken in controlled quantity can have medicinal effects as well, therefore even doctors, other health professionals, NGOs too do not feel the need to be up in arms against the drink. It has been observed that citizens above the age of 50 years consume more wine than the younger ones. And with the a sharp rise in the average age of an individual, thanks to the advancements in health care

Infringement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infringement - Essay Example Section 10 of the Trade Mark Act 1994 states. A person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign where because – (a) the sign is identical with the trade mark and is used in relation to goods or services similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, or, in specifically addressing the question at hand concerning Adam, (b) the sign is similar to the trademark and is used in relation to goods or services identical with or similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association with the trade mark. In English statute or case law, there is no definition for what is use as a mark. Use as a mark will depend on the facts of each case, in particular, the nature of the mark and the goods and services concerned. English case law indicates that the judges are looking for use which is taken by the public as a badge of origin, in other w ords as an indication that the goods and services are from a particular trader. This requirement is not the same as a requirement that the relevant public should know the identity of owner’s of trade marks, but nevertheless associate the marks of products with a particular trade origin. It will be more difficult for an applicant or proprietor to show use as a trade mark with very non-distinctive marks or where the use has been mainly in conjunction with another trade mark.

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis Critically evaluate the relevance of a  current national (Irish) strategic policy  document for your area of practice (Psychiatric nursing) Introduction As one of the most important facets of health care, nursing has been and remains one of the most undervalued and undeveloped professions (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leender (2005) state that countries need a national action plan for nursing as it assists in the development of the profession. They offer the following ten advantages, as evidence for the foregoing that shall aid in serving as a basis for the evaluation of the relevance of the present Irish national strategic policy for Psychiatric Nursing along with other inputs (Salvage and Leenders, 2005): The presence of a national action plan aids in reinforcing nursing goals, results and orientation in health care. Through the existence of a national action plan, nursing contributions can be optimized through the focusing of â€Å"†¦ nursing resources to achieve the best possible results and †¦ value for money† (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A national action plan helps to â€Å"†¦ build and maintain vision for nursing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). The preceding is a result of aiding nurses in maintaining their perspectives, which can be lost in the busy and demanding everyday demands of their profession. The existence of a national action plan can result in â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A ‘plan’ can aid in making â€Å"†¦ nursing achievements more visible †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) point to the fact that the contribution of nurses is acknowledged by clients and patients but not â€Å"†¦ in medical textbooks, conferences and influential discussions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . A ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can spur nurses and their supporters to be more active †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and through strategic planning, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ helps to uncover or inspire unexpected new coalitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that can aid in these aspects working â€Å"†¦ together to improve health care †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). It, a ‘plan’, â€Å"†¦ can coordinate current nursing activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and aid in nurses identification of projects and innovations that are underway to incorporate these into practice as well as aiding in the development of frameworks for further improvements and implementation. A ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). They explain that the policy making process is usually remote from those who are responsible to its implementation, and that through the utilization of a planning process that involves as well as includes the â€Å"†¦ services users, practitioners and †¦ policy makers †¦Ã¢â‚¬  aids in reducing the â€Å"†¦ gaps between thinking and action, data and perceptions, policy and operations, planning and implementation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Through the existence of a ‘plan’ the profession of â€Å"†¦ nursing is more likely to win support from the people, policy makers and other professionals† if said ‘plan’ states clearly â€Å"†¦ where it is going and what it hopes to achieve (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). And finally, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can help nursing control its own work and future †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) explain that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in nursing controlling â€Å"†¦ its own work and future †¦Ã¢â‚¬  because traditionally they have â€Å"†¦ had little control over their destiny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as a result of them â€Å"†¦ as the servants of another profession †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) argue that a ‘plan’ represents the â€Å"†¦ starting point for †¦ (nurses) †¦ becoming equal partners in health care work †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as in their relationships with the other professions in the field. In order to better understand the context of this examination, the definition of the profession of nursing is deemed an important underpinning. The ‘Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework’ defines nursing as a profession that â€Å"†¦ helps individuals, families and groups to determine and achieve their physical, mental and social potential †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000a). The definition goes on to add that nurses require â€Å"†¦ competence to develop and perform functions that promote and maintain health †¦ as well as prevent ill health† and that such â€Å"†¦ includes the (assessment) planning and giving of care †¦ (encompassing) †¦ the physical, mental and social aspects †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000). As the context of this examination represents the field of psychiatric nursing, the following definition as supplied by the ‘International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses’ (ISPN) pro vides clarity. They, ISPN, define this area of nursing, psychiatric, as â€Å"†¦ a specialized area of nursing practice committed to promoting mental health through the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of human responses to mental health problems and psychiatric disorders† (ISPN, 2006). The An Bord Altranais â€Å"†¦ was established by the Nurses Act, 1950, (An Bord Altranais, 2007a) â€Å"†¦ is the statutory body †¦(that) †¦ provides for the registration, control and education of nurses †¦ (and other matters) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  related to the practice of nursing in Ireland (An Bord Altranais, 2000). As of 2004, there were 76,045 nurses registered with the An Bord Altranais, as shown by the following (An Bord Altranais, 2007b): Table 1- Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Nurses Registered Females Male Active Inactive Total Number of Nurses 60,774 15,271 70,231 5,814 76,045 Table 2 – Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Females Male Active Inactive Total General 60,986 2,677 50,637 13,026 63,663 Psychiatric 8,301 3,525 9,566 2,260 11,826 Sick Children’s 4,578 51 3,759 870 4,629 Intellectual Disability 3,961 473 3,860 574 4,434 Midwifery 16,857 21 13,179 3,699 16,878 Public Health 2,551 1 2,084 468 2,552 Tutor 537 104 513 126 639 Other 585 26 290 321 611 Total 98,356 6,876 83,888 21,344 105,232 The examination of the Code of Conduct and other legislation shall be reviewed against the ten point standards of the World Health Organization and other documents in order to gauge the relevance of policies in this area. National Strategic Policy for Nurses in Ireland The strategic national policy document for the nursing profession in Ireland is generated by An Bord Altranais that states that the practice of nursing â€Å"†¦ should always be based on the principles of professional conducted †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as contained â€Å"†¦ in the latest version of the Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000b) with practices contained in Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) and the Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 as prepared by the Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST, 2001). The evaluation of the preceding documents shall be compared against the ten-point plan outline as put forth by Salvage and Leenders (2005) to serve as a guide. Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework for Ireland states that it utilizes the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, Australian Nursing Midwifery Council, (ANMC, 2006) as its basis for the determination of â€Å"†¦ regulations, organizational policies and procedures †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) as support in its practice setting. The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (SoP DMF) states that the determinations concerning the â€Å"†¦ scope of practice need to be †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) 1. â€Å"proactive†, 2. â€Å"responsive to internal and external forces†, 3. â€Å"flexible; and†, 4. â€Å"able to provide guidance in decision making by both the individual nurse †¦ and the profession as a whole†. The SoP DMF indicates that the foregoing â€Å"†¦ is applicable to all nurses and midwives across all practice settings †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and tha t such have been put into force to ensure â€Å"†¦ that practice decisions are based on the individual context and patient †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as opposed to the â€Å"†¦ defining nursing †¦ by tasks or procedures† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The latitude offered from the preceding represents room for individual interpretation that can and also cannot be a wise choice in a profession that represents the fragile state of mind of patients under psychiatric care. Evidence of the problem in having such broad latitude is presented in an article by Sean Fleming â€Å"Psychiatric Abuse of Ireland† which details accounts of the use of drugs in treatment that were either later found to be inappropriate, and or had side effects that worsened the patients condition (Fleming, 2005). Such is also the subject of a report issued by ‘Aware’, a voluntary organization devotes to assist those who are afflicted with depression (Aware, 2007a). The report mentions the continuity of care with regard to psychiatric services as an area needing improvement along with eighteen other points and represents an aspect that the broad latitude in interpretation (Aware, 2007b). And while every instance of care treatment cannot be categ orized, and set forth procedurally, guidelines represent an effective means to provide tighter controls as well as instructions and steps that nurses can utilize when appropriate. Salvage and Leenders (2005) under item 4 indicate that a national action plan provides â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and under item 8 states that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice. The SoP DMF states that through providing transparency in its policy that it â€Å"†¦ greatly benefits all nurses and that it thus â€Å"†¦ provides an effective tool †¦ nurses can maximize their nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the standards of the profession. It states that there are six figures, with â€Å"†¦ each supported by a set of guiding principles† that can assist nurses in the discussion as well as clarification of â€Å"†¦ practice issues with their colleagues and employers† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding are 1. â€Å"Guiding Principles for Map of Role Relationships among Health Personnel†, 2. Guiding Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient†, 3. Guiding Principles for Delegation among Nurses and Midwives, 4. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Students of Nursing, 5. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Unlicensed Health Care Workers; and, 6. Guiding Principles for Maximising th e Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses and Midwives (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The Sop DMF states that these â€Å"†¦ six figures highlight the importance of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1. â€Å"clinical assessment by the registered nurse or midwife†, 2. â€Å"lawful authority†, 3. â€Å"preparation and experience†, 4. â€Å"risk management†, 5. â€Å"confidence†, 6. â€Å"competence†, 7. â€Å"delegation by the registered nurse or midwife: and†, 8. â€Å"acceptance of the delegation and the required level of supervision (direct or indirect† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The foregoing harkens back to the room for latitude and actually indicates under item number 1 that nurses are making clinical assessments. This also stated, assessment, under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000† (Nursing Board, 2006b). The foregoing analysis with regard to the latitude is indicated in the Sop DMF d ocument under Figure 2. ‘General Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient’ which states under â€Å"patient †¦ Clinical Assessment †¦ have I considered the consequences of my planned action?† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The following further illustrates this issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006): The Figure indicates that if the answers to all questions are ‘yes’ that the nurse should proceed, and that if there is a ‘no’ answer to any question, then the nurse should seek advice on the issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding represents a procedural attempt to shore up the wide latitudes present in the guidelines, still leaving room for varied interpretations. Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ represents a copulation of statutory material that was obtained as a result of the utilization of electronic searching in the sites of Lexis Nexus, Canlii, Austlii and other legal sites. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ indicates that there were legislation aspects that could not be accessed and other measures utilized, with an instance whereby no data could be obtained (DEST, 2001). The preceding means that the document is not wholly complete. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ also adds the documents from which it was based, in some instances, referred to other documents and or legislation or regulations and standards that were not included is what was accessed, and were unavailable for use in formulating the document as a whole (DEST, 2001). Interestingly this supports the broad latitude contention as mentioned under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† in that it states â€Å"Given the complexity and variability of the sources of information about the standards of nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that it is reasonable â€Å"†¦ nurses might experience some difficulty in keeping abreast of these issues† (DEST, 2001). The preceding is explained in the document as representing the difficulties in the interpretation of the ‘†¦ intent of the legislation (DEST, 2001). DEST (2001) indicates that the primary objective of â€Å"†¦ statutory regulation †¦ is the protection of the public. The utilization of the copulation technique to derive the document obviously has flaws that need correcting, however, the fact that the government of Ireland has recognized the need to produce such a document represents a critical step in the right direct, as espoused by Salvage and Leen ders (2005). Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005 The National Health Strategy â€Å"Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You†, as stated in the document â€Å"†¦ was announced by the government †¦ to provide vision and strategic direction for the health and personal social services† and identifies â€Å"†¦ a 121 point Action Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as central to implementation of a nationwide strategy and put varied â€Å"†¦ aspects of the Strategy into †¦ action (Department of Health and Children, 2005). Under National Goal No. 1, item 2, it sets forth the â€Å"Statements of Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  with regard to â€Å"†¦ all relevant Government Departments †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are to devise guidelines and strategy statements for human resources as well as other areas. Its relevance to this examination lies in the preceding. A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy This document represents â€Å"†¦ a comprehensive model of mental health service provision for Ireland† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). Under item 1.5 ‘Vision’, the document sets forth that its policy represents the creation of â€Å"†¦ a mental health system that addresses the needs of the population †¦ as a result of focusing â€Å"†¦ on the requirements of the individual† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The ‘Policy Framework’ indicates that its purpose is to create â€Å"†¦. A systematic framework and plan for mental health †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This aspect represents the reference to psychiatric nursing, which is the subject of this examination. The document covers ‘Mental Health in Ireland’ covering the differing disciplines, along with â€Å"Implementation† that defines relationships in the management of mental health and the plan to b ring the diverse aspects into closer proximity from the present system that â€Å"†¦ has encouraged isolation of catchments from each other †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which â€Å"†¦ has hindered the development of specialist services† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The broad areas covered under â€Å"Manpower, education and training †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ sets forth â€Å" †¦ the education and training required to produce competent professional personnel †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This document does not provide the details of policy and other facets of specificity related to strategic policy for psychiatric nursing, which are contained under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† and â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001† in limited fashion. It, the document – â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† does recognize that there are â€Å"Shortcomings in Current Education and Training†, but its usefulness as a policy statement for psychiatric nursing is not its intention. Conclusion The present strategic policy for psychiatric nursing in Ireland is an area that is still under development. The varied documents reviewed, â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework†, â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001†, â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005†, and â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† as well as other documents referenced herein are in the evolutionary stages. This incompleteness does not actually represent a cause for too much concern and the Government of Ireland, through the issuance of these documents, acknowledges the deficiencies in this area and have set about the process to correct this aspect as stated in â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005† under National Goal No. 1, as well as in â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Poli cy†. Salvage and Leenders (2005) indicate the global problem concerning nursing policy and strategy, and the importance of having such plans in place, or under development to enable the profession to achieve higher standards and more connectivity with the field of medicine in general. They, Salvage and Leenders (2005), state that strategic plans are extremely important in providing the foundation for frameworks to develop that will increase the proficiency of the profession through documentation that can be thus shared, compared and utilised for further refinement. Ireland is in the beginning stages of this evolutionary process, as is the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries owing to their lack of attention and importance concerning the contributions of the field of nursing. The criticisms levied at the broad interpretational latitudes that exist in present policy statements in Ireland as found under the document prepared by the Sop DMF concerning the â€Å"Scope of Nurs ing and Midwifery Practice Framework† is an outgrowth of this developmental process. Clearly, a great deal of work still stands before the various governmental agencies and departments in achieving a substantive document that achieves the objective of providing nurses engaged in psychiatric care with the guidelines and procedures to enable them to weave their way through the difficult profession they are engaged in. The present plans, though incomplete, do represent a means whereby psychiatric nursing leaders have a platform to move forward from to collaborate in revising and amending what is established. The preceding is acknowledged by Salvage and Leenders (2005) as a huge as well as important step in the right direction. Bibliography An Bord Altranais (2000) An Board Altranais: The Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife, April 2000. An Bord Altranais An Bord Altranais (2007b) Nurse Registration Statistics – 2004. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ An Bord Altranais (2007a) Role and Functions of An Bord Altranais. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ ANMC (2006) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Australian Nursing Midwifery Council Aware (2007) Aware. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/ Aware (2007b) Suicide in Ireland: A Global Perspective and a National Strategy. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/online books/suicide.html Department of Health and Children (2006) A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy. Department of Health and Children Department of Health and Children (2005) Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You: Action Plan Progress Report 2004. Department of Health and Children DEST (2001) Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001. Retrieved on 13 January 2007 from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/HIGHERED/nursing/pubs/nurse_regulation/3.htm Fleming, S. (2005) Psychiatric Abuse in Ireland. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/PsychiatricAbuseinIreland.htm ISPN (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Scope Standards. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.ispn-psych.org/docs/standards/scope-standards-draft.pdf Nursing Board (2000b) Guidance to Nurses and Midwifes on the Development of Policies, Guidelines and Protocols, December 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/publications/Guidance2000.pdf Nursing Board (2000a) Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/PolicyGuidelines/SNMidwifePractiFworkApril2000/scope.html Nursing Board of Tasmania (2006) Scope of Nursing Practice Decision Making Framework: February 2006. Nursing Board of Tasmania Salvage, J., Leenders, F. (2005) National Action Plans for nursing and midwifery, In Salvage, J., Heijnen, S. (2005) Nursing in Europe: A resource for better health. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, ISSN 0378-2255

Describing a personal experience in helping the community :: essays research papers

Two lunchtimes a week I take part in my school’s Earth Dwellers Recycling Club. I take part in recycling as I feel that I am actually making a difference to the local environment’s current litter pollution issues. By recycling, more pollution is cut down from our school, and hopefully, our school fraternity will look up to our example and perhaps be inspired to do the same in their future years. I also hoped to gain skills such as teamwork, social-skills, and any other to be achieved. The school does not have to pay extra fees to hire garbage collectors within school, so a lot of hard labour and money is saved. This activity only requires some time, effort and consideration from pupils belonging to the school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The activities affected other members of staff as they did not have to partake in any tasks and simply had to dispose of their litter with more thought and not have to do our job, which was nevertheless achieved in our spare time. I believe I gained social-interaction skills as a lot was needed to perform procedures such as carrying the bins, asking each-other to collect resources e.g. hygiene gloves and simply communicating when assigning each team to different floors and I was also quite proud of helping new members to join the team, as they also valued being welcome in the team and my guided help showing them how to recycle and perform procedures correctly. I also feel that I have gained a higher self esteem, as Neil Armstrong once said, â€Å"one small step for man, means one giant leap for mankind† as if all schools contribute to recycling and follow our example, we may be able to make a large-scale difference to litter-pollution, and pupils attitudes in general. I also feel more apt in being encouraged to take part in group-tasks, and activities, which make a true difference e.g. recycling, thus the activity has also raised my confidence levels greatly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large impact of my activities was put on teachers and those in the school who pay for garbage collectors, as they need not worry about the recycling bins since we are continuously taking part and recycling all the schools recyclable waste materials. Impact from recycling is put on most pupils, members of staff and anyone who enters this school as the reduction of litter provides a warmer, tidier and more environmentally-friendly atmosphere to the school, which is crucial for those pupils who rely on surroundings to make them feel more comfortable to learn.

Leadership Interview Essay

â€Å"Today’s professional nurses assume leadership and management responsibilities regardless of the activity in which they are involved† (Koernig-Blais, Hayes, Kozier, & Erb, 2006, p. 2). D. Martin. is the nurse manager for The Spirit Medical Transportation Services (Spirit) of Saint Joseph’s Children’s Hospital in Marshfield, Wisconsin. She started her career as an ICU nurse, and from there moved into medical transportation. She worked as a staff flight nurse in three different programs, including Spirit, for 15 years before assuming the assistant nurse manager role for Spirit, and in the past year moved into the position of manager. In an interview with D. Martin she discussed achieving of a position of leadership in our nursing community. The interview included questions about her background, and the role she has today. Leadership Style D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) describes a leader as someone who is able to work effectively with other people and facilitate getting the job done. She further discusses the leader needing to have interactive communication skills. These skills she describes as two parts; first is active listening, making eye contact and giving full attention to the person speaking; the second is being able to talk and make a point with sounding condescending. Through her examples, D.Martin has a democratic or participative leadership style. Leaders with a democratic style act as a catalyst or facilitator to guide the group towards achieving group goals (Koernig-Blais et al, 2006). Democratic leadership may be less efficient than other types of leadership, but it does allow for a spirit of collaboration and creativity from group members. This type of leadership can be extremely effective in the healthcare setting (Tappen, 2001, p. 26)Personal Philosophy and Important Qualities of Leadership When questioned about important qualities or characteristics of a leader, D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) again emphasized the importance of interactive communication. D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) stated that an effective leader needs to respect their staff, or whomever they are leading. That a leader needs to learn how to be politically correct in all settings, and the  leader as manager needs to learn how to delegate, and to be aware of the fiscal responsibilities within the institution, and balance those requirements with the needs of the department they are managing. Sullivan and Decker, 2005 p. 44 state that â€Å"all good managers are also good leaders.† D. Martin talked interchangeably of leaders and managers, because she views herself as a leader first, and a manager second. Her views are that as a staff nurse, she was viewed as a leader among the flight crew, and now as a manager, she is still that leader, but with the responsibilities of management (D. Martin personal communication, March 6, 2008). A manager is responsible and accountable to the organization for accomplishing the goals of the organization (Sullivan & Decker, 2005). When D. Martin was questioned about her personal philosophy of leadership she replied that â€Å"you are never going to please everyone all of the time, and that the most important thing to remember is that you have to be able to live with your decisions, legally and ethically† (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). According to D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008), quality and safety should be ranked equally at number one in consideration for what can and should be done. She believes that as a manager, she needs to be the mother tiger looking out for her cubs; that she has to protect the staffs’ interests. D. Martin also believes that an effective manager should have come up through the ranks. A manager should not ask the staff to do something she has not done, or would not do. Another aspect of an effective manager is that the manager should have been a clinical leader first, that they have been there, done that for years. The manager may not always be able to keep up those clinical skills, and be able to perform the clinical aspects of the job, but if they have done it for years, they will understand the concepts when the staff needs someone to talk to (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008)Learning Experiences that have Influenced Growth as a LeaderD. Martin believes that her own clinical experiences and what she has done have had the most influence on her personal development. Her bedside clinical experience in an ICU prepared her for her role as a transport nurse (personal communication, March 6, 2008). She was involved in the start-up of two different transport services, and her third experience was a transport nurse on a well established service. The first transport service she was part of was a load and go team with one of the first mobile ICU’s in Wisconsin. Her belief is that being on the ground floor of two services, the personal growth from those experiences as the service went through it’s growing pains, makes her better prepared for the growing pains of going from peer to boss. She also emphasized that managers should not take things for granted, if they have not been where they are asking their staff to go, she feel strongly that she brings a â€Å"been there, done that† style to her leadership (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Evolution of Nursing Leadership in Healthcare TodayThe interview continued with the question of how she sees leadership evolving in nursing today. Her first response was disappointed. When she first started out in nursing, many registered nurses were from an associates program, and the recommendation for a management position, or to teach was someone with a bachelor’s degree in nursing. Once she had achieved her bachelor’s, the bar had been raised with the recommendation that managers have their master’s degree, in nursing or in business, and that nursing instructors have their PhD in nursing or education (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her thought is that with the requirement of that much schooling, the people managing departments, and teaching new nurses, are so far removed from the clinical aspects of nursing, that they are not as effective as someone who has recently been a clinical nurse. She feels nursing needs instructors that have â€Å"been there,† and instructors should not be â€Å"only those with the highest degrees.† There needs to be opportunities for nurses to move up through the ranks through independent nursing practice, and recognition needs to be given to the clinical experts at the bedside. The advanced degree should not be more important than clinical expertise in a given field (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Challenges Facing Leaders in Today’s Healthcare SystemsD. Martin (personal  communication, March 6, 2008), believes that the most challenging issues in her current position are the need to have a more global perspective, and having an appreciation for it. She described one aspect of that global perspective in terms of the hospital budget. Finding out what the hospital budget is, and that it comes down from the top of the corporation, not just the top of our individual hospital. Patients are important, but from a business standpoint, money is the bottom line (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Healthcare is a business, and needs to be run as a business. She states that the biggest passion she had to give up was that the patient comes first. She had to learn how to facilitate the system, within the budget given, and with the resources available to her. Management cannot give the staff everything they are asking for, the money, and decisions come from the top down. â€Å"Management would be easy if you didn’t have to deal with the people† (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). The Impact of a Mentor on Leadership StyleD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) states that she has had three mentors in her career. Each is unique and she is grateful to them. Her first was her nurse manager of her first flight service. She states that he too came up through the ranks. He taught her the importance of creating a balance between management and work. Her next mentor was her first nurse manager when she started at Saint Joseph’s, Terri. Terri was her mentor through her master’s program, and taught her the importance of being politically correct and fair. That, as a manager, you might not agree with what is being said, but you need to have enough self control to not let them see you do not agree with the company line, or to never let them see you sweat (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her third mentor was her nurse manager for the 11 years she was a flight nurse with Spirit. Through him she learned that different management styles are okay, and that an open door policy was what she respected most about his style. He also taught her the importance of credibility, and to not make promises you may not be able to keep (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Advice to Someone Interested in LeadershipD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) discussed the difficulty going from peer to boss. Her recommendation would be for anyone in that position to take a class on effective leadership to learn more on how to delegate, find resources and about fiscal responsibility. She did inform me that Saint Joseph’s Children’s Hospital does offer a two day seminar to employees on this topic, and she further recommends all Neonatal Intensive Care Transport Nurses take this class, as they all function in a leadership role (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her other advice was to be ready to put in long hours. To be passionate about whom you want to lead. Be clinically competent, and have confidence in yourself, and your knowledge. Stand up for yourself and your staff. Learn to take risks, and trust your instincts (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Conclusion Leadership and management are the responsibility of all professional nurses. Effective leadership and management is a learned process. Mentors can have a positive impact on the personal and professional growth of a nurse. Personal integrity, honesty, and a concern for human dignity should guide all leadership and management decisions (Koernig-Blais et. al, 2006). References: Koernig-Blais, K., Hayes, J., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. (2006). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, E. J., & Decker, P. J., (2005). Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall HealthTappen, R. M., (2001). Nursing Leadership and Management: Concepts and Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.